Today, knowing what time it is becomes a problem only when your phone battery dies and there is no one around to ask. For previous generations it was different.

For millennia, people measured their days and nights by the movement of the sun and stars, or waited for a rooster to crow.

The first devices for measuring time date back to Antiquity, but the idea gained real momentum in the late Middle Ages, when the clockwork mechanism was invented. A growing urban population and increased economic activity called for a better way to divide day and night into time for work and time for recreation.

Clocktowers soon became ubiquitous across Europe. Tall and impressive, they were visible from afar and announced the passage of time to the local population.

Bulgarians at the time lived under Ottoman rule, and the first clocktowers appeared on their lands relatively late, probably around the turn of the 16th-17th centuries. By the end of the 18th century, and especially through the 19th, building clocktowers had become routine all over Bulgaria. Their spread reflected the growing activity of Bulgarians busy in their shops and workshops, supplying industries vital to Ottoman markets. Usually fitted with bells, these towers also announced major events in local life, such as a fire or an attack.

The architecture of the clocktowers evolved over time. The earliest examples look more like fortifications, with thick stone walls and tiny window openings, a design shaped by necessity. The second half of the 18th century was a period of bandit raids, and clocktowers served as places of refuge for the local population. Those built in the 19th century were more elegant, reflecting the growing European influence on art, architecture, lifestyle and politics in Bulgarian lands.

After the Liberation in 1878, clocktowers in Bulgaria followed the new European fashion. Older towers were upgraded with new mechanisms and dials, and freestanding structures gave way to clock faces built into new public buildings.

Bulgaria's clocktowers went into decline in the 1970s and 1980s, when many towns saw their old centres, houses, streets, clocktowers and all, demolished in a mass drive to impose Socialist urbanism.

Today, most of the surviving clocktowers in Bulgaria stand in smaller towns, a quiet reminder of the days when they marked the hours for communities thriving on trade and craft.

Berkovitsa

Today Berkovitsa is but a sleepy backwater in Bulgaria's northwest, the most economically depressed region in the EU. 

Its clocktower is one of the few reminders that this was not always so. Built in 1764, it had a clockwork mechanism brought from faraway Bessarabia, near the Dniester River. The tower is 21m high and has the fortress-like appearance typical of the period.

Burgas Railway Station

Clocks have always been and always will be an important part of any railway station. 

The railway station in Burgas boasts one of the most beautiful examples in Bulgaria. The station was built in 1903, and was a great achievement for the time: modern and spacious, in the best European fashion of the day. The design was so successful that it was copied for the railway station in Varna.

Byala

The clocktower in Byala, near Ruse, yet another quiet town in northern Bulgaria, was built in 1872. 

Initially, it was a church belfry and received its first clockwork mechanism in 1906. It was a Made-in-Switzerland piece of machinery, donated by a former finance minister. The clock is still working, although the tower itself has undergone some changes. In 1952, the cross that used to stand on top was replaced with a Communist five-pointed star. For some reason, in 1960 the star was replaced with an amphora-shaped figurine, which remains there to this day.

Gabrovo

This Stara Planina mountains town became an industrial centre in the 18th century, which prompted the construction of a clocktower. It was lost in 1798, when it was burned to the ground during a bandit raid. Its replacement, constructed in 1811, was also lost eventually.

The clocktower that you see today in central Gabrovo was built in 1835, with pro bono labour given by the citizens and donations from the local craft guilds. It is 27.7m high and a fine example of the typical clocktower of its days: a fortress-like lower part and an elegant tower rising above the commotion of the market streets around. Its bell is older, made in 1792 in Vienna and had an inscription in German. Initially, time was measured with the ringing of the bell, but in 1882 a proper clock-face was installed.

Of the two water fountains that used to flow at the base of the tower, only one survives today. Another survivor from the past is an old Ottoman inscription, built into the wall, that recalls the construction of the 1811 clocktower.

The tower was restored in the 1960s, and the clockwork mechanism in the 1980s.

Plovdiv

The year when the first clocktower was built in the Bulgarian lands is lost to history, but it happened some time in the second half of the 16th or the beginning of the 17th centuries in Plovdiv, a multicultural city of lively trade and commerce. Constructed atop one of the city's hills, the clocktower was such a novelty that it stuck in the local imagination.

Even today, it remains firmly embedded in Plovdiv's topography. The hill is still called Sahat Tepe, or Clock Hill, although for some time its official name has been Danov's Hill.

The clocktower now atop Clock Hill, however, is not that famous structure. The original, which was built of wood, burned down at the beginning of the 19th century. In 1809, it was replaced with the current one, at 17.5m high, and its mechanism was made in Vienna and installed in 1883.

Razgrad

The clocktower in central Razgrad is the 1864 incarnation of an older clocktower from the 18th century. 

It is about 26m high, and its bell was imported from Hungary in 1731. The original clockwork mechanism is in the city museum, after it was replaced with a new one in the 1970s. Curiously and rather unusually, Razgrad used to have a second clocktower. It has not survived.

Sevlievo

Whether it was built in 1775, 1777 or 1779 is a question historians disagree on, but one thing is certain: Sevlievo's clocktower is one of the oldest preserved in Bulgaria. 

Today it is one of the few historical landmarks left in the town.

Shumen

The clocktower in Shumen was built in the 1740s, at the same time as the most prominent Ottoman structure in the town, the beautiful Tombul Mosque.

It is 18m high and used to announce the time with two bells that rang every 15 minutes. There is a richly decorated water fountain at the base, along with an elaborate Ottoman inscription relating to the construction of the tower. There used to be a mosque nearby, known as Sahat Mosque after the clocktower, but it does not exist anymore.

Svishtov

You do not need to read the building inscription, which tells that Svishtov's tower was built in 1763, to guess its age.

Its fortress-like architecture says it all. The mechanism still works, although it is not as old as the tower. It is a 1890 replacement, made in Austria.

Tryavna

Tryavna's clocktower is perhaps the most recognisable in Bulgaria, and for a reason. It is the only one that still stands in its original urban environment.

Tryavna was lucky to escape the large-scale demolition of old city centres in the 1970s and the 1980s, and preserves its 19th century core almost intact. As the tallest building there, the 21m clocktower has been the natural focus of life and a source of local pride ever since its construction in 1812. The clockwork mechanism has been working ever since it was installed in 1815. The tower has another peculiarity: the only Foucault's Pendulum in Bulgaria is to be found there.

Zlatitsa

Rising to almost 18m, Zlatitsa's clocktower appeared in 1777, when the town prospered through trade and manufacture. 

The clock still works, although the mechanism is not the original one but a 1922 replica made by a local enthusiast, who also sponsored the restoration of the tower.